{"id":58,"date":"2024-04-04T08:53:24","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:53:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/6-biomolekulid\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T08:54:44","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:54:44","slug":"6-biomolekulid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/6-biomolekulid\/","title":{"rendered":"6. Biomolekulid"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\n\t<strong id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1689772168699_43\">Biomolekule<\/strong>\u00a0v\u00e4ljaspool elusorganisme ei moodustu. Peamised biomolekulide n\u00e4ited on\u00a0<strong>s\u00fcsivesikud<\/strong>\u00a0e. sahhariidid,\u00a0<strong>lipiidid<\/strong>\u00a0e. rasvad,\u00a0<strong>valgud<\/strong>\u00a0e. proteiinid ja\u00a0<strong>nukleiinhapped<\/strong>, mille teke ja esinemine on \u00fcheks peamiseks elu tunnuseks.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"970\" height=\"286\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-358\" style=\"width: 970px;height: 286px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/biomolekulid.png\" title=\"biomolekulid.png\" alt=\"Biomolekulid\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/biomolekulid.png 970w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/biomolekulid-300x88.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/biomolekulid-768x226.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 970px) 100vw, 970px\">\n<\/p>\n<h3>\n\t6.1 S\u00fcsivesikud<br>\n<\/h3>\n<p>\n\t<strong>S\u00fcsivesikud<\/strong>\u00a0on k\u00f5ige arvukamad bioloogilised molekulid. S\u00fcsivesikud koosnevad\u00a0<strong>s\u00fcsinikust<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>hapnikust<\/strong>\u00a0ja\u00a0<strong>vesinikust<\/strong>\u00a0(C, O, H). S\u00fcsivesikuid jaotatakse j\u00e4rgmiselt:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Monosahhariidid<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Oligosahhariidid<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Pol\u00fcsahhariidid<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1689772168699_54\">Gl\u00fckoos\u00a0<\/strong>(viinamarjasuhkur)\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"268\" height=\"261\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-359\" style=\"width: 205px;height: 200px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/glukoos.png\" title=\"glukoos.png\" alt=\"Gl\u00fckoos\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Laktoos<\/strong>\u00a0(piimasuhkur)\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"684\" height=\"426\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-360\" style=\"width: 401px;height: 250px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/laktoos.png\" title=\"laktoos.png\" alt=\"Laktoos\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/laktoos.png 684w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/laktoos-300x187.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>T\u00e4rklis<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"673\" height=\"262\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-361\" style=\"width: 300px;height: 117px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/tarkllis.png\" title=\"tarkllis.png\" alt=\"T\u00e4rklis\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/tarkllis.png 673w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/tarkllis-300x117.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 673px) 100vw, 673px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Fruktoos\u00a0<\/strong>(puuviljasuhkur)\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"284\" height=\"202\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-362\" style=\"width: 281px;height: 200px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/fruktoos.png\" title=\"fruktoos.png\" alt=\"Fruktoos\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Maltoos\u00a0<\/strong>(linnasesuhkur)\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"752\" height=\"320\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-363\" style=\"width: 470px;height: 200px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/maltoos.png\" title=\"maltoos.png\" alt=\"Maltoos\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/maltoos.png 752w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/maltoos-300x128.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 752px) 100vw, 752px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Tselluloos<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"209\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-364\" style=\"width: 400px;height: 105px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/tselluloos.png\" title=\"tselluloos.png\" alt=\"Tselluloos\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/tselluloos.png 800w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/tselluloos-300x78.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/tselluloos-768x201.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Riboos<\/strong>\u00a0(RNA-s)\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"312\" height=\"181\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-365\" style=\"width: 312px;height: 181px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/riboos.png\" title=\"riboos.png\" alt=\"Riboos\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/riboos.png 312w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/riboos-300x174.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 312px) 100vw, 312px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1689772168699_72\">Galaktoos<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"172\" height=\"186\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-366\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/galaktoos.png\" title=\"galaktoos.png\" alt=\"Galaktoos\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Gl\u00fckogeen<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"464\" height=\"198\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-367\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/glukogeen.png\" title=\"glukogeen.png\" alt=\"Gl\u00fckogeen\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/glukogeen.png 464w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/glukogeen-300x128.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 464px) 100vw, 464px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Desoks\u00fcriboos<\/strong>\u00a0(DNA-s)\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"268\" height=\"228\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-368\" style=\"width: 212px;height: 180px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/desoksuriboos.png\" title=\"desoksuriboos.png\" alt=\"Desoks\u00fcriboos\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Sahharoos<\/strong>\u00a0(roosuhkur ehk peedisuhkur ehk, lauasuhkur)\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"764\" height=\"331\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-369\" style=\"width: 400px;height: 173px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/sahharoos.png\" title=\"sahharoos.png\" alt=\"Sahharoos\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/sahharoos.png 764w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/sahharoos-300x130.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<strong>Kitiin<\/strong>\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"407\" height=\"199\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-370\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/kitiin.png\" title=\"kitiin.png\" alt=\"Kitiin\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/kitiin.png 407w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/kitiin-300x147.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 407px) 100vw, 407px\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tS\u00fcsivesikud t\u00e4idavad organismides j\u00e4rgmisi\u00a0<strong>\u00fclesandeid<\/strong>:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Energeetiline:<\/strong>\u00a0s\u00fcsivesikud on organismi esmaseks energiaallikaks. Ligikaudu 60% energiast saadakse s\u00fcsivesikute l\u00f5hustumisel 1g s\u00fcsivesikute oks\u00fcdatsioonil vabaneb 17,6 kJ energiat so umbes 4 kcal.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Struktuurne:<\/strong>\u00a0kitiin (l\u00fclijalgsete ja\u00a0 seenerakkude kestad) ja tselluloos (taimeraku kestad).\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Varuaine:<\/strong>\u00a0t\u00e4rklis (taimedes) ja\u00a0 gl\u00fckogeen (loomades ja seentes).\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Toitaine:<\/strong>\u00a0piimasuhkur (laktoos) imetajate piimas.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Kaitse:<\/strong>\u00a0taimedes raku ts\u00fctoplasma suhkrustumine \u2013 kaitseb k\u00fclmumise eest.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Ligimeelitav:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00f5istaimede nektar \u2013 putukate ligimeelitamiseks.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Bioregulatoorne:<\/strong>\u00a0s\u00fcsivesikud ja valgud kuuluvad hormoonide koostisesse.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Bios\u00fcnteetiline:<\/strong>\u00a0l\u00e4hteaineteks teiste \u00fchendite s\u00fcnteesil (nukleiinhapped)\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tT\u00e4iendav info ja harjutus\u00fclesanded<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/2491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">S\u00fcsivesikute ehituse ja talitluse seos:\u00a0<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/2491\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/2491<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Lisaks vaata videot:<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tVideo\u00f5ps \u201eS\u00fcsivesikud\u201c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PzQKne6DZ6w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PzQKne6DZ6w<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tOluline info, mida meelde j\u00e4tta:\u00a0<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tS\u00fcsivesikud, eelk\u00f5ige gl\u00fckoos, on organismide esmane energiaallikas.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tS\u00fcsivesikud on k\u00f5ige enam levinud biomolekulid organismides, mis on t\u00e4htsad elu erinevatel etappidel ja erinevates tingimustes.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<h3>\n\t6.2. Lipiidid<br>\n<\/h3>\n<p>\n\tTrigl\u00fctseriidid, fosfolipiidid, vahad ja steroidid on bioloogilistes s\u00fcsteemides levinud lipiidid, nad on on rasvased, vahataolised v\u00f5i \u00f5lised orgaanilised \u00fchendid.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Lipiide jaotatakse j\u00e4rgmiselt:<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Lihtlipiidid<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Liitlipiidid<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Ts\u00fcklilised lipiidid<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Rasvad<\/strong>\u00a0(loomsed rasvad on k\u00fcllastunud lipiidid, milles ei ole kaksiksidemeid)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Fosfolipiidid\u00a0<\/strong>(on peamiseks komponendiks rakumemraanides, sest nene kaksikkihis on nii h\u00fcdrofiilsed kui h\u00fcdrofoobsed osad)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Steroidid<\/strong>\u00a0(ts\u00fcklilised lipiidid, mille hulka kuuluvad nt suguhormoonid steroidid ja \u00f6strogeenid)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>\u00d5lid<\/strong>\u00a0(taimsed \u00f5lid on k\u00fcllastumata lipiidid, milles esineb kaksiksidemeid)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Kolesterool<\/strong>\u00a0(nn hea \u2013 HDL ja halb \u2013 LDL kolesterool, millest viimane osaleb ateroskleroosi tekkimises)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Vahad<\/strong>\u00a0 (vahades on gl\u00fctserooli asemel\u00a0 m\u00f5ne teise alkoholi j\u00e4\u00e4k)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Lipiidide bioloogilised \u00fclesanded<\/strong>\u00a0on j\u00e4rgmised:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\tRakumembraani p\u00f5hiline koostisosa, mis eraldab ja kaitseb rakku v\u00e4liskeskkonna eest.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tenergeetiline varuaine: energiat saadakse 38,9kJ\/g, kuid aeglasemalt, kui s\u00fcsivesikutest. Loomade rasvkoes ja taimede seemnetes.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tRasvlahustuvate vitamiinide omastamiseks.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tTemperatuuri hoidmiseks veeloomadel (rasvakiht) ja aurumise v\u00e4ltimiseks taimedel ning kajalokatsiooniks vaaladel (vahakiht).\u00a0\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tM\u00e4rgumise eest kaitseks lindudel ning siseelundite kaitseks loomadel.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tK\u00e4rgede ehitamiseks mesilastel.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tRaskemetallide ladustamiseks organismis ja metaboolse vee saamiseks kaamelitel.\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tT\u00e4iendav info ja enesekontrolli harjutus\u00fclesanded<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t\tLipiidide ehitus ja \u00fclesanded:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/3536\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/3536<\/a><br>\u00a0\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Lisaks vaata videot<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tVideo\u00f5ps \u201eLipiidid\u201c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZkzwzOgbH3M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZkzwzOgbH3M<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h3 id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1689772168699_110\">\n\t\tOluline info, mida meelde j\u00e4tta:\u00a0<br>\n\t<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tRasvhapped on kahetise keemilise iseloomuga lipiidid, sest neil on h\u00fcdrofiilne ja h\u00fcdrofoobne osa.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tTrigl\u00fctseriid on rasv. K\u00fcllastunud rasvadel on kolm rasvhappe j\u00e4\u00e4ki; k\u00fcllastumata rasvadel on \u00fcks v\u00f5i mitu k\u00fcllastumata j\u00e4\u00e4ki.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tFosfolipiidid on rakumembraani lipiidikihi peamine komponent.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tSteroidid on nelja s\u00fcsinikur\u00f5ngaga lipiidid. Nad t\u00e4idavad olulist f\u00fcsioloogilist rolli taimedes, seentes ja loomades.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tVahad on keerulised, erineva struktuuriga lipiidide segud.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>\n\t6.3. Valgud<br>\n<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\tK\u00f5ikidest bioloogilistest molekulidest on\u00a0<strong>valgud<\/strong>\u00a0k\u00f5ige mitmekesisemad nii struktuuri kui ka funktsiooni poolest. Valk on aminohapete ahel. Aminohapete j\u00e4rjestus pol\u00fcpeptiidahelas m\u00e4\u00e4rab valgu t\u00fc\u00fcbi ja valgu funktsioon tuleneb selle kujust. Valgu kuju muutustel v\u00f5ivad olla drastilised tagaj\u00e4rjed tervisele, sest valgu saab lahti harutada kuumuse v\u00f5i muude tingimuste abil, mis h\u00e4irivad vesiniksidet. Valgu funktsioon s\u00f5ltub selle kujust, seega tingimused, mis muudavad valgu kuju, muudavad ka selle funktsiooni.\n<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\t<strong>Denaturatsioon<\/strong>\u00a0on p\u00f6\u00f6rdumatu valgu lagunemine, renaturatsioon on valgu struktuuri taastumine.\n<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\tValgud on ainsad biomolekulid, millel on v\u00e4hemalt 4 erinevat struktuurset tasandit:\n<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width: 500px\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Primaarstruktuur<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Sekundaarstruktuur<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Tertsiaarstruktuur<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Kvaternaarstruktuur<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tEsimest j\u00e4rku struktuuriks on valgu\u00a0 aminohappeline j\u00e4rjestus, mis m\u00e4\u00e4rab \u00e4ra k\u00f5ik valgu omadused.\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tTeist j\u00e4rku struktuuri puhul pakitakse valgumolekul kokku Kas \u03b1-heeliksiks ja \u03b2-struktuuriks.\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tKolmandat j\u00e4rku struktuurid jagunevad fibrillaarseks ja globulaarseks struktuuriks.\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tNeljandat j\u00e4rku struktuur on omane liitvalkudele, mis t\u00e4idavad \u00fchte \u00fclesannet (nt hemoglobiin hapniku transportijana veres).\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Valkudel on j\u00e4rgmised \u00fclesanded:<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\tEns\u00fcmaatiline, mille puhul ens\u00fc\u00fcmid reguleerivad reaktsioonide kiirust;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tRegulatoorne, mille puhul toimivad suguhormoonid hormonaalsete ts\u00fcklite regulaatoritena;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tEhituslik \u00fclesanne tagab organismi kudede ja organite \u00fclesehituse;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tKontraktsiooniline ehk liikumis\u00fclesanne on tagatud liikumisvalkude poolt;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tTransport\u00fclesanne, mis tagab ainete transpordi rakkude, kudede ja organite vahel;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tRetseptoorne \u00fclesanne v\u00f5imaldab info \u00fclekannet ilma otseselt\u00a0 membraani l\u00e4bimata;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tEnergeetiline \u00fclesanne \u2013 1g valgust saab orgaism 17,6 kJ energiat, kuid seda ainult on \u00e4\u00e4rmuslikes olukordades,\u00a0 kus k\u00f5ik teised energiavarud on l\u00f5pukorral.\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tT\u00e4iendav info ja enesekontrolli harjutus\u00fclesanded<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\tValkude ehitus ja \u00fclesanded:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/3537\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/3537<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t<strong>Lisaks vaata videosid<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t1. Vide\u00f5ps \u201eValkude ehitus\u201c:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=J0-4CYk-r4M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=J0-4CYk-r4M<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t2. Video\u00f5ps \u201eValkude \u00fclesanded\u201c:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=d7P6GdtjZgA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=d7P6GdtjZgA<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4 dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\tOluline info, mida meelde j\u00e4tta:\u00a0<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tValk on aminohapete ahel. Aminohapete j\u00e4rjestus pol\u00fcpeptiidahelas dikteerib valgu t\u00fc\u00fcbi.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tVesiniksidemed p\u00f5hjustavad pol\u00fcpeptiidahelate keerdumist spiraalideks ja lehtedeks, mis volditakse ja pakendatakse edasi funktsionaalseteks \u00fcksusteks.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tValgu kuju saab kuumuse v\u00f5i muude tingimuste abil lahti harutada, mis l\u00f5huvad vesiniksidet.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tValgu funktsioon tuleneb ja s\u00f5ltub selle kujust, nii et tingimused, mis muudavad valgu kuju, muudavad ka selle funktsiooni.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<h3>\n\t6.4. Nukleiinhapped<br>\n<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1689772168699_130\">\n\t<strong>Nukleiinhapped<\/strong>\u00a0on p\u00e4rilikkuse aine pol\u00fcmeerid, mille monomeerideks on\u00a0<strong>nukleotiidid<\/strong>. Nukleiinhape DNA sisaldab teavet, mis on vajalik rakkude ja paljuraksete isendite \u00fclesehitamiseks.\u00a0<strong>RNA-d<\/strong>\u00a0 on nukleiinhapped, mis teostavad valkude s\u00fcnteesi. M\u00f5nedel nukleotiididel on ka roll ainevahetuses (<strong>ATP<\/strong>). Nukleotiidid on v\u00e4ikesed orgaanilised molekulid, mis toimivad energiakandjatena, ens\u00fc\u00fcmide abistajatena, keemiliste s\u00f5numitoojatena ning DNA ja RNA all\u00fcksustena. K\u00f5ik koosnevad monosahhariidist, mis on seotud l\u00e4mmastikalusega ja \u00fche, kahe v\u00f5i kolme fosfaatr\u00fchmaga. Monosahhariid nukleotiidid on viie s\u00fcsinikuga monosahhariid, kas riboos v\u00f5i desoks\u00fcriboos.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\tDNA, RNA\u00a0 ja ATP v\u00f5rdlus on toodud j\u00e4rgmises tabelis:\n<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>DNA\u00a0<\/strong>(desoks\u00fcribonukliinhape)\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>RNA\u00a0<\/strong>(ribonukliinhape)\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>ATP\u00a0<\/strong>(adenosiintrifosfaat)\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Suhkur\u00a0<\/strong>(pentoos)\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tdesoks\u00fcriboos\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\triboos\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\triboos\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>L\u00e4mmastikalused ja nende komplementaarsus<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tAdenosiin (A) \u2013 T\u00fcmiin (T)<br>Guanosiin (G) \u2013 Ts\u00fctosiin (C)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tAdenosiin (A) \u2013 Uratsiil (U)<br>Guanosiin (G) \u2013 Ts\u00fctosiin (C)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tAdenosiin (A)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Ehitus ja t\u00fc\u00fcbid<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tbiheeliks ehk kaksikspiraal\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>mRNA\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 \u00fcksikahel<br><strong>tRNA\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 osaline kaksikahel<br><strong>rRNA\u00a0<\/strong>\u2013 osaline kaksikahel\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tkolme fosfaatr\u00fchmaga nukleotiid\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>\u00dclesanded<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tp\u00e4riliku info s\u00e4ilitamine ja\u00a0<br>t\u00e4pne edasikandmine\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tmRNA \u2013\u00a0 geeni informatsiooni viimine ribosoomidesse<br>tRNA \u2013 transpordib aminohappeid ts\u00fctoplasmast ribosoomidesse<br>rRNA \u2013\u00a0 koos\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proteiin\" title=\"Proteiin\">proteiinidega<\/a>\u00a0moodustab\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valgus%C3%BCntees\" title=\"Valgus\u00fcntees\">valgus\u00fcnteesi<\/a>\u00a0<br>l\u00e4biviivaid\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ribosoom\" title=\"Ribosoom\">ribosoome<\/a>\u00a0ja osaleb valgus\u00fcnteesis\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tuniversaalne energiaallikas k\u00f5ikides organismi protsessides\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tT\u00e4iendav info ja enesekontrolli harjutus\u00fclesanded<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t\tNukleiinhapete ehitus ja \u00fclesanded:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/node\/342\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/node\/342<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Lisaks vaata videot<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tVide\u00f5ps \u201eDNA ja RNA\u201c:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tLxmeuGDdkc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=tLxmeuGDdkc<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tOluline info, mida meelde j\u00e4tta:<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tNukleotiidid on nukleiinhapete monomeerid. Nukleotiid ATP on oluline roll ka ainevahetuses energiakandjana.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tNukleiinhape DNA sisaldab rakkude ehitamiseks vajalikku teavet ja hulkraksete isendite loomiseks.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tRNAd on nukleiinhapped, mis teostavad valkude s\u00fcnteesi.<br>\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Kuidas toimivad orgaanilised molekulid elusates s\u00fcsteemides?<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tOrgaanilise molekuli funktsionaalsed r\u00fchmad annavad selle s\u00fcsivesiniku selgroo keemilised omadused. Need r\u00fchmad aitavad kaasa bioloogilise molekuli toimimisele.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\torgaanilise molekuli struktuur dikteerib selle funktsiooni bioloogilistes s\u00fcsteemides.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tkogu elu p\u00f5hineb samadel orgaaniliste \u00fchendite t\u00fc\u00fcpidel: keerulised s\u00fcsivesikud, lipiidid, valgud ja nukleiinhapped.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tAinevahetusprotsesside abil panevad rakud elu molekulid monomeeridest kokku. Samuti lagundavad nad pol\u00fcmeerid komponentmonomeerideks.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Kuidas on k\u00f5ik elu molekulid \u00fchesugused?<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tElu molekulid (s\u00fcsivesikud, lipiidid, valgud ja nukleiinhapped) on orgaanilised, mis t\u00e4hendab, et nad koosnevad peamiselt s\u00fcsinik- ja vesinikuaatomitest.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tOrgaanilise molekuli struktuur algab s\u00fcsinikuaatomite ahelaga (selgroog), mis v\u00f5ib moodustada r\u00f5nga.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tMe kasutame erinevaid mudeleid erinevate struktuuriliste omaduste kujutamiseks. Molekuli struktuuriomaduste arvestamine annab meile \u00fclevaate selle toimimisest.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tK\u00f5ik elu molekulid on orgaanilised, mis t\u00e4hendab, et nad koosnevad peamiselt s\u00fcsiniku- ja vesinikuaatomitest.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tFunktsionaalsed r\u00fchmad, mis on seotud s\u00fcsinike aatomitega, annavad molekulile erinevaid keemilisi omadusi.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tMe kasutame erinevaid molekulmudeleid, et visualiseerida molekuli erinevaid struktuuriomadusi, mis annab meile \u00fclevaate funktsioonist.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tAinevahetusprotsesside abil s\u00fcnteesitakse monomeeridest biomolekulid ja lagundatakse pol\u00fcmeerid monomeerideks.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Biomolekule\u00a0v\u00e4ljaspool elusorganisme ei moodustu. Peamised biomolekulide n\u00e4ited on\u00a0s\u00fcsivesikud\u00a0e. sahhariidid,\u00a0lipiidid\u00a0e. rasvad,\u00a0valgud\u00a0e. proteiinid ja\u00a0nukleiinhapped, mille teke ja esinemine on \u00fcheks peamiseks elu tunnuseks. 6.1 S\u00fcsivesikud S\u00fcsivesikud\u00a0on k\u00f5ige arvukamad bioloogilised molekulid. S\u00fcsivesikud koosnevad\u00a0s\u00fcsinikust,\u00a0hapnikust\u00a0ja\u00a0vesinikust\u00a0(C, O, H). S\u00fcsivesikuid jaotatakse j\u00e4rgmiselt: \u00a0 Monosahhariidid Oligosahhariidid Pol\u00fcsahhariidid Gl\u00fckoos\u00a0(viinamarjasuhkur) &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":319,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-58","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/58","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/319"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=58"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/58\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":449,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/58\/revisions\/449"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=58"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}