{"id":57,"date":"2024-04-04T08:53:24","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:53:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/5-organismide-koostis\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T08:54:44","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:54:44","slug":"5-organismide-koostis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/5-organismide-koostis\/","title":{"rendered":"5. Organismide koostis"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\n\tOrganismide koostisest on leitud 70-80 erinevat elementi. Enamusv nendest esineb v\u00e4ga v\u00e4heses hulgas ja nende \u00fclesannet ei teata. F\u00fcsioloogiliseks miinimumiks on 27 kerget ja mittemetallilist elementi, mis on vajalikud organismide toimiseks.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tOrganismide koostise saab esitleda kokkuv\u00f5tlikult j\u00e4rgmise skeemina:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1194\" height=\"660\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-357\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/organismide_koostis_01.png\" title=\"organismidekoostis.png\" alt=\"Organimide koostis\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/organismide_koostis_01.png 1194w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/organismide_koostis_01-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/organismide_koostis_01-1024x566.png 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/organismide_koostis_01-768x425.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1194px) 100vw, 1194px\">\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1689687820583_303\">\n\tElusorganismide talitlusteks h\u00e4davajalik miinimum on\u00a0<strong>27 keemilist elementi ehk bioelemendid<\/strong>, mis jagatakse\u00a0<strong>3 r\u00fchma<\/strong>:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Makroelemendid<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 98\u201399% organismi elementidest: C; H; O; N; P; S\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Mesoelemendid<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 katioonid: Na; K; Mg; Ca ja anioonid: Cl\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Mikroelemendid<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Vaja v\u00e4ga v\u00e4ikestes kogustes: Fe, As, Br, Sn, Si, Se, Cr, Fl, Ni, V, Mo, I, Co, Mn, Zn, Cu\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Makroelemendid:<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Hapnik (O)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 saadakse toiduga ja hingamisel. Peamiselt vee koostises, samuti biomolekulide koostises, kindlustab toitainete l\u00f5hustumise ja hingamise.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>S\u00fcsinik (C)\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0saadakse\u00a0\u00a0\u2013 saadakse toiduga. Kuulub biomolekulide koostisesse, moodustab keemilisi sidemeid, CO2 on fotos\u00fcnteesi l\u00e4hteaine, hingamise ja k\u00e4\u00e4rimise l\u00f5pp-produkt.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Vesinik (H)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 saadakse joogivee ja toiduga. Biomolekulide koostises, vee kooseisus, vajalik vesiniksidemete moodustamisel.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>L\u00e4mmastik (N)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0saadakse\u00a0\u00a0toidus leiduvate valkude ja aminohapete kaudu.\u00a0Aminohapete ja nukleiinhapete koostises.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Fosfor (P)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 saadakse toiduga.\u00a0 Rakumembraani ehituses, nukleiinhapete koostises, energiarikaste \u00fchendite nt. ATP koostises.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>V\u00e4\u00e4vel (S)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 saadakse piimatoodetest. Leidub osades aminohapetes ja vitamiinides.\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Mesoelemendid:<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Naatrium (Na)<\/strong>\u00a0ja\u00a0<strong>Kaalium (K)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 kaalium on peamiselt rakusisene ja naatrium rakuv\u00e4line element. Osalevad n\u00e4rviimpulsi moodustumises, veebilansi hoidmises, veres, raku ts\u00fctoplasmas, transpordiprotsessid raku tasandil.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Kaltsium (Ca)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 luu- ja k\u00f5hrkoe koostises, vere h\u00fc\u00fcbimine, lihastes (krampide v\u00e4ltimiseks), reguleerib vee hulka organismis.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Magneesium (Mg)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0klorof\u00fclli, luude, rakukesta koostises, n\u00e4rvis\u00fcsteemi talitluseks.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Kloor (Cl)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 n\u00e4rviimpulsside teke ja levik, mao soolhappe s\u00fcnteesiks.\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Mikroelemendid:<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Raud (Fe)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 Seob O<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0hemoglobiini koostises, raua\u00fchend heem annab verele punase v\u00e4rvuse.\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t<strong>Jood (I)<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 vajalik kilpn\u00e4\u00e4rme hormoonide nt t\u00fcroksiini s\u00fcnteesiks. Joodi puudusel kujuneb v\u00e4lja kilpn\u00e4\u00e4rme haigus \u2013 struuma. Vajalik v\u00e4ikelaste kasvuks ja vaimseks arenguks, juuste, k\u00fc\u00fcnte ja naha normaalseks seisundiks.\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tElementide ligikaudne protsentuaalne osakaal elusorganismides v\u00f5rreldes elutu maailmaga:\n<\/p>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width: 100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Element<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Organismides (%)<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Atmosf\u00e4\u00e4ris (%)<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>\u00a0Maakoores (%)<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tHapnik (O)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t65\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t46\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tS\u00fcsinik (C)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tj\u00e4lgedena\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t0,18\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tVesinik (H)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t10\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tj\u00e4lgedena\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t0,1\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tL\u00e4mmastik (N)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t78\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t0,6\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tFosfor (P)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t0,1\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tj\u00e4lgedena\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>S\u00dcSINIK KUI K\u00d5IGE T\u00c4HTSAM BIOELEMENT (C)<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tS\u00fcsinik k\u00f5ikidest elementidest k\u00f5ige t\u00e4htsam, sest s\u00fcsiniku keemilised omadused on elu seisukohalt ainulaadsed. Iga s\u00fcsinikuaatom v\u00f5ib moodustada 4 keemilist sidet, \u00a0moodustades \u00fcksik-, kaksik- ja kolmiksidemeid. S\u00fcsinikul on v\u00f5ime moodustada pikki ahelaid, mis v\u00f5ivad olla sirged, harunevad v\u00f5i r\u00f5ngakujulised. S\u00fcsiniku keemiliste omaduste t\u00f5ttu ongi biomolekulide mitmekesisus v\u00e4ga suur. Molekulide mitmekesisus loob omakorda aluse organismide bioloogilisele mitmekesisusele.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>VESI (H<sub>2<\/sub>O) on elu alus Maal<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tVeel on erilised omadused, mis teevad elu v\u00f5imalikuks ja vesinikioonid on olulised bioloogilistes s\u00fcsteemides, sest vesi:\n<\/p>\n<ul type=\"disc\">\n<li>\n\t\ton hea lahusti\u2013 vees lahustub rohkem aineid, kui \u00fcheski teises lahustis;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tosaleb paljudes keemilistes reaktsioonides (l\u00e4hteainena nt fotos\u00fcnteesil, l\u00f5pp-produktina);\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tkindlustab rakkude ja kudede mahtuvuse \u2013 tagab siser\u00f5hu ehk turgori;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tkindlustab organismide ringeelundkonna t\u00f6\u00f6 (veri, l\u00fcmf);\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\ton suure soojusmahtuvusega (hoiab organismisisest p\u00fcsivat temperatuuri);\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\thoiab \u00e4ra \u00fclekuumenemise (loomad higistavad, taimedel toimub transpiratsioon \u00a0\u00a0\u00f5hul\u00f5hede kaudu);\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tkindlustab organismide ringeelundkondade t\u00f6\u00f6 (veri, l\u00fcmf);\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\ton vajalik organismide paljunemiseks;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tveel on kaitsefunktsioon \u2013 nt pisarad, liigesed, s\u00fclg, loode areneb vesikeskkonnas;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tvesi kui puhver\u00a0aitab hoida organismi pH-d stabiilsena, mis organismis\u00a0 m\u00e4ngib hom\u00f6ostaasis olulist rolli.\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\t<strong>T\u00e4iendav info ja enesekontrolli harjutus\u00fclesanded:\u00a0<\/strong><br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tElus ja eluta looduse keemiline koostis\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/3532\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/3532<\/a>\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tVee osa organismide elutalitluste\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/3533\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/3533<\/a>\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tKatioonid ja anioonid organismis\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/3534\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/3534<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Lisaks vaata videosid:<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tVideo\u00f5ps \u201eVee omadused\u201c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_ZJHlg6M0rI\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_ZJHlg6M0rI<\/a>\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tVideo\u00f5ps \u201eBioelemendid\u201c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=d0fPqLBFp8Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=d0fPqLBFp8Y<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tVideo\u00f5ps \u201eKatioonid ja anioonid\u201c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cruX4tdffIU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cruX4tdffIU<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tVideo\u00f5ps \u201eVitamiinid\u201c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=n9rarCUMFYE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=n9rarCUMFYE<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tOluline info, mida meelde j\u00e4tta:\u00a0<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tK\u00f5ik elu molekulid on orgaanilised, mis t\u00e4hendab, et nad koosnevad peamiselt s\u00fcsiniku, hapniku\u00a0 ja\u00a0 aatomitest.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tOrgaanilise aine molekuli struktuur esineb ahelana, mille moodustavad s\u00fcsinikuaatomid, kuid v\u00f5ivad moodustada ka r\u00f5nga.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tFunktsionaalsed r\u00fchmad, mis on seotud s\u00fcsinike aatomitega, annavad molekulile erinevaid keemilisi omadusi.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tMe kasutame erinevaid molekulide mudeleid, et visualiseerida molekuli erinevaid struktuuriomadusi, mis annab meile \u00fclevaate nende \u00fclesannetest.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tAinevahetusprotsessides s\u00fcnteesitakse monomeeridest biomolekulid ja lagundatakse pol\u00fcmeerid monomeerideks.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Organismide koostisest on leitud 70-80 erinevat elementi. Enamusv nendest esineb v\u00e4ga v\u00e4heses hulgas ja nende \u00fclesannet ei teata. F\u00fcsioloogiliseks miinimumiks on 27 kerget ja mittemetallilist elementi, mis on vajalikud organismide toimiseks. Organismide koostise saab esitleda kokkuv\u00f5tlikult j\u00e4rgmise skeemina: \u00a0 Elusorganismide &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":319,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-57","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/319"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":450,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57\/revisions\/450"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}