{"id":31,"date":"2024-04-04T08:53:21","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:53:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/1-organismide-paljunemine\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T08:54:46","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:54:46","slug":"1-organismide-paljunemine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/1-organismide-paljunemine\/","title":{"rendered":"1. Organismide paljunemine"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Paljunemine<\/strong>\u00a0on laiemas m\u00f5ttes\u00a0\u00f6kos\u00fcsteemis\u00a0olevate \u00fchetaoliste\u00a0bios\u00fcsteemide\u00a0v\u00f5i selle \u00fcksikosade (organellide,\u00a0rakkude,\u00a0liikide\u00a0jt) kvantitiivne suurenemine.<br>Paljunemise mehhanismideks v\u00f5ivad olla\u00a0jagunemine,\u00a0<strong>sigimine<\/strong>\u00a0jt viisid.<br>Kitsamas m\u00f5ttes\u00a0on paljunemine\u00a0sigimine.\u00a0Paljunemist kitsamas m\u00f5ttes nimetatakse ka\u00a0<strong>autoreproduktsiooniks<\/strong>, mis on uute\u00a0organismide\u00a0tekkimise protsess.<br><strong>Paljunemine on eluslooduse p\u00f5hiline omadus, iga \u00fcksikorganism on paljunemise tulemus.<\/strong>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1455\" height=\"818\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-325\" style=\"width: 900px;height: 506px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/paljunemine.jpg\" title=\"paljunemine.jpg\" alt=\"Paljunemine\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/paljunemine.jpg 1455w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/paljunemine-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/paljunemine-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/paljunemine-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1455px) 100vw, 1455px\">\n<\/p>\n<h4 dir=\"ltr\">\n\tM\u00f5isted<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Sigimine<\/strong>\u00a0(paljunemine) on\u00a0eluprotsess, mille k\u00e4igus toimub\u00a0organismide\u00a0enesetootmine (paljunemine). M\u00f5istet \u201csigimine\u201d v\u00f5idakse k\u00e4sitleda\u00a0<strong>laiemas<\/strong>\u00a0v\u00f5i\u00a0<strong>kitsamas<\/strong>\u00a0m\u00f5ttes: esimesel juhul on see nii-\u00f6elda paljunemine kitsamas m\u00f5ttes, mida jagatakse\u00a0suguliseks\u00a0ja\u00a0suguta sigimiseks; sigimine kitsamas m\u00f5ttes on aga organismide suguline sigimine.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Suguline<\/strong>\u00a0<strong>sigimine<\/strong>\u00a0on\u00a0paljunemise\u00a0vorm, kus erinevalt\u00a0suguta sigimisest\u00a0toimub eelnevalt\u00a0sugurakkude\u00a0meioos,\u00a0ploidsuse\u00a0v\u00e4henemine ja \u00fcldjuhul\u00a0viljastumine.<br>Sugulise sigimise erijuhuks on\u00a0partenogenees, kus viljastumist ei toimu.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Partenogenees<\/strong>\u00a0ehk\u00a0<strong>neitsistsigimine<\/strong>\u00a0on mitmetel taime- ja loomar\u00fchmadel esinev paljunemisviis, mille puhul\u00a0embr\u00fcod\u00a0kasvavad eluj\u00f5uliseks ilma viljastamata.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Hermafrodiitsus<\/strong>\u00a0on kahesoolisus, liitsugulisus ehk m\u00f5lemasugulisus.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Mittesuguline sigimine<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0on\u00a0paljunemise\u00a0vorm, kus ei toimu\u00a0meioosi,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/et.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ploidsus\" title=\"Ploidsus\">k<\/a>romosoomide kordsuse\u00a0v\u00e4henemist ega\u00a0viljastumist. Mittesugulises paljunemises osaleb \u00fcldjuhul ainult \u00fcks vanemorganism.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tEristatakse kahte sugutut sigimisviisi:\u00a0vegetatiivne\u00a0ja\u00a0eoseline sigimine. Vegetatiivselt sigimisel saab uus organism enamasti alguse \u00fche vanema (keha)osa(de)st.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Eoseline paljunemine<\/strong>\u00a0on\u00a0mittesugulise paljunemise viis, mis toimub eriliste paljunemisrakkude ehk\u00a0eoste\u00a0abil.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tEoseline paljunemine esineb m\u00f5ningatel\u00a0protistidel\u00a0(eosloomad) ning k\u00f5ikidel\u00a0taimedel\u00a0ja\u00a0seentel.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<strong>Vegetatiivne paljunemine<\/strong>\u00a0on\u00a0mittesuguline sigimisviis, kus uus\u00a0organism\u00a0saab alguse \u00fchest vanemorganismist, sageli tema (keha)osa(de)st.\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>Vegetatiivne paljunemine esineb nii\u00a0ainuraksetel\u00a0kui ka\u00a0hulkraksetel\u00a0organismidel. Ainuraksetel (arhedel, bakteritel jt) avaldub see rakujagunemisega (sealhulgas\u00a0<strong>pooldumise<\/strong>,\u00a0<strong>pungumise\u00a0<\/strong>ja\u00a0<strong>hulgijagunemisega<\/strong>). Hulkraksetele organismidel (sh taimedel, loomadel) avaldub vegetatiivne paljunemine \u00fche vanemorganismi (keha)osa(de) eraldumisel, millest areneb uus organism (j\u00e4rglane). Ka hulkraksetel organismidel esineb pungumist (n\u00e4iteks\u00a0p\u00e4rmseened,\u00a0k\u00e4snad), pooldumist (ripsussid). Taimede puhul v\u00f5ib mittegeneratiivseks kehaosaks olla\u00a0mugul, eriline\u00a0sigikehake\u00a0jt.<br>\u00a0<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tT\u00e4iendav info ja harjutus\u00fclesanded<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t\tOrganismide paljunemine (I osa) ja areng (II osa)\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/xn--tiendav%20info%20ja%20harjutuslesanded%20organismide%20paljunemine%20ja%20areng:%20https-ljh30t\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/5460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/T\u00e4iendav info ja harjutus\u00fclesanded Organismide paljunemine ja areng: https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/5460<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Vaata videoid<\/strong><br>Suguline ja mittesuguline paljunemine\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=g59s153t_6Q&amp;list=PLSQl0a2vh4HAFPeXFGyIwzhRgUavn9gwR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=g59s153t_6Q&amp;list=PLSQl0a2vh4HAFPeXFGyIwzhRgUavn9gwR<\/a><br>Mittesuguline ja suguline paljunemine\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=g59s153t_6Q&amp;t=342s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=g59s153t_6Q&amp;t=342s<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tOluline info, mida meelde j\u00e4tta<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\tPaljunemine on elusorganismide jaoks \u00fclioluline, kuna see tagab geneetilise mitmekesisuse ja liigile omaste tunnuste edasikandumise p\u00f5lvkondade vahel.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tPaljunemise viisid v\u00f5ivad erineda olenevalt organismi t\u00fc\u00fcbist ja liigist.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tPeamiselt v\u00f5ib organismide paljunemist jagada kaheks peamiseks t\u00fc\u00fcbiks \u2013 suguline ja mittesuguline ehk vegetatiivne paljunemine.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tSuguline paljunemine h\u00f5lmab viljastumist ehk erinevate sugurakkude \u00fchinemist.\u00a0 Need sugurakud sisaldavad poolt vanemate geneetilistest omadustest.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tViljastumise tulemusel moodustub viljastatud munarakk ehk s\u00fcgoot, mis areneb edasi embr\u00fcoks, mis kasvab ja moodustab uue organismi.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tSuguline paljunemine on levinud paljude taimede ja loomade hulgas, sealhulgas inimeste puhul.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tMittesuguline ehk vegetatiivne paljunemine v\u00f5imaldab organismidel paljuneda ilma sugurakkude moodustamiseta.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tVegetatiivsel paljunemisel moodustavad uued isendid vanemaorganismi osadest, nagu v\u00f5sundid, risoomid, mugulad, varred v\u00f5i lehed.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tVanemaorganismi osade t\u00fckeldamisel ja neist uute isendite kasvatamisel s\u00e4ilib geneetiline identiteet uutes isendites.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tVegetatiivne paljunemine on tavaline taimede, n\u00e4iteks paljude puude, p\u00f5\u00f5saste, rooside ja kartulite puhul.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tM\u00f5nel organismil v\u00f5ib olla ka kombineeritud paljunemine, kus nad kasutavad nii sugulist kui ka vegetatiivset paljunemist s\u00f5ltuvalt keskkonnatingimustest ja v\u00f5imalustest\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tPartenogees (neitsisigimine) on paljunemisviis, kus uued organismid arenevad\u00a0 emase sugurakkudest (munarakkudest) ilma eelneva viljastumiseta isase sugurakkudega (spermidega). See t\u00e4hendab, et isase ja emase suguraku \u00fchinemist ei toimu ning areneb ainult emase geneetilise p\u00e4ritoluga j\u00e4rglane.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tPartenogenees v\u00f5ib esineda erinevate organismide hulgas, n\u00e4iteks putukad (nt mesilased), roomajad, kalad ja isegi m\u00f5ned taimed.\u00a0\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tPaljunemine on tihedalt seotud organismide eluts\u00fckliga. Igal organismiliigil on spetsiifiline paljunemise viis ja strateegia, mis aitab tagada nende j\u00e4rglaste elluj\u00e4\u00e4mise ja eduka kohastumise nende elukeskkonnas.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\t\tPaljunemine on looduses v\u00e4ga oluline protsess, mis tagab liikide j\u00e4tkusuutlikkuse ja mitmekesisuse.\n\t\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Paljunemine\u00a0on laiemas m\u00f5ttes\u00a0\u00f6kos\u00fcsteemis\u00a0olevate \u00fchetaoliste\u00a0bios\u00fcsteemide\u00a0v\u00f5i selle \u00fcksikosade (organellide,\u00a0rakkude,\u00a0liikide\u00a0jt) kvantitiivne suurenemine.Paljunemise mehhanismideks v\u00f5ivad olla\u00a0jagunemine,\u00a0sigimine\u00a0jt viisid.Kitsamas m\u00f5ttes\u00a0on paljunemine\u00a0sigimine.\u00a0Paljunemist kitsamas m\u00f5ttes nimetatakse ka\u00a0autoreproduktsiooniks, mis on uute\u00a0organismide\u00a0tekkimise protsess.Paljunemine on eluslooduse p\u00f5hiline omadus, iga \u00fcksikorganism on paljunemise tulemus. M\u00f5isted Sigimine\u00a0(paljunemine) on\u00a0eluprotsess, mille k\u00e4igus toimub\u00a0organismide\u00a0enesetootmine (paljunemine). M\u00f5istet &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":319,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-31","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/319"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":476,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31\/revisions\/476"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}