{"id":30,"date":"2024-04-04T08:53:21","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:53:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/4-rakuhingamine\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T08:54:46","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T05:54:46","slug":"4-rakuhingamine","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/4-rakuhingamine\/","title":{"rendered":"4. Rakuhingamine"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"ltr\">\n\t<strong>Hingamisel on kolm etappi:<\/strong>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\tsisse- ja v\u00e4ljahingamine;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\tgaaside (O<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0ja CO<sub>2<\/sub>) transport veres;\n\t<\/li>\n<li>\n\t\trakuhingamine rakkude mitokondrites.\n\t<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\tKaks esimest etappi tagavad selle, et hapnik j\u00f5uaks v\u00e4lis\u00f5hust rakkude mitokondritesse, kus toimub kolmas etapp,\u00a0<strong>rakuhingamine<\/strong>, mille k\u00e4igus salvestatkse ATP energia.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tRakuhingamine on keerukas kolmeastmeline protsess, millest iga\u00fcks on ens\u00fcmaatiliselt reguleeritud reaktsioonide jada, mille jooksul toimub gl\u00fckoosi molekuli t\u00e4ielik lagunemine ja selle energia salvestamine ATP molekulidesse.\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\tRakuhingamise \u00fcldine \u00fclevaade ja summaarne v\u00f5rrand:<br>\n<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"755\" height=\"614\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-323\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/rakuhingamise_skeem.jpg\" title=\"rakuhingamise_skeem.jpg\" alt=\"Rakuhingamise skeem\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/rakuhingamise_skeem.jpg 755w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/rakuhingamise_skeem-300x244.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\">\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"742\" height=\"123\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-324\" style=\"width: 600px;height: 99px\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/rakuhingamise_vorrand.jpg\" title=\"rakuhingamise_vorrand.jpg\" alt=\"Rakuhingamise v\u00f5rrand\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/rakuhingamise_vorrand.jpg 742w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/647\/rakuhingamise_vorrand-300x50.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\">\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<h4>\n\tGl\u00fckoosi t\u00e4ieliku lagunemise etapid<br>\n<\/h4>\n<table class=\"table table-hover\" border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"5\" cellspacing=\"0\" id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1697395471177_50\" style=\"width: 100%\">\n<tbody id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1697395471177_49\">\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\u00a0\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Aeroobne gl\u00fckol\u00fc\u00fcs<\/strong><br>(hapniku olemasolul)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Anaeroobne gl\u00fckol\u00fc\u00fcs<\/strong><br>ehk\u00a0<strong>k\u00e4\u00e4rimine<\/strong><br>(hapniku puudusel)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Tsitraadits\u00fckkel<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\">\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Hingamisahela reaktsioonid<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Toimumiskoht<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\u00a0ts\u00fctoplasmas\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tts\u00fctoplasmas\u00a0\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tmitokondri maatriksis\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tmitokondri kristadel\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>L\u00e4hteprodukt<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\u00a0gl\u00fckoos (6C)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\u00a0gl\u00fckoos (6C)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tp\u00fcroviinamarihape (2x 3C)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tNADH<sub>2\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0<br>O<sub>2<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Vahe- ja<br>l\u00f5pp-produktid<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t2 ATP<br>2 NADH<sub>2<br>2 p\u00fcroviinamarihapet<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t2 ATP<br>2 piimhapet (3C)\u00a0 \u2013 piimhappek\u00e4\u00e4rimine (bakteritel v\u00f5i lihastes)\u00a0<br>2 etanooli (2C) + CO<sub>2 \u2013\u00a0<\/sub>etanoolk\u00e4\u00e4rimine (bakteritel)<br>m\u00f5ni v\u00e4hem tuntud\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tCO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0(j\u00e4\u00e4kaine)<sub>\u00a0<\/sub>\u00a0<br>NADH<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0<br><sub>sidrunhape (sellest ts\u00fckli nimi\u00a0<br>tsitraadits\u00fckkel)<\/sub><br>\u00a0\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tH<sub>2<\/sub>O (j\u00e4\u00e4kaine)<br>36 ATP (teoreetiliselt, tegelikkuses 34 ATP)\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1697395471177_48\">\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Vesinikukandja<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1697395471177_47\">\n\t\t\t\t\u00a0NAD + 2H\u00a0\u2192 NADH<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\u00a0 NADH<sub>2\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>ei teki\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tNAD + 2H \u2192\u00a0NADH<sub>2<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\tNAD + 2H \u2192\u00a0NADH<sub>2<\/sub>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1697395471177_52\">\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>ATP molekulide s\u00fcntees<\/strong>\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t\u00a02 ATP\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t2 ATP, kuna tsitraadits\u00fcklit ja hingamisahela reaktsioone ei j\u00e4rgne,\u00a0siis see on kogu energia saagis\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td>\n\t\t\t\t0\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<td id=\"yui_3_17_2_1_1697395471177_51\">\n\t\t\t\t36 ATP\n\t\t\t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\tT\u00e4iendav info ja harjutus\u00fclesanded<br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<p>\n\t\tAeroobne ja anaeroobne hingamine\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/2473\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/taxonomy\/term\/2473<\/a><br>Hingamine\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/node\/6984\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/vara.e-koolikott.ee\/node\/6984<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Vaata videoid<\/strong><br>Sissejuhatus rakuhingamisse\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2f7YwCtHcgk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2f7YwCtHcgk<\/a><br>Gl\u00fckol\u00fc\u00fcs 2\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KfWkZZZjMQE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KfWkZZZjMQE<\/a><br>Gl\u00fckol\u00fc\u00fcs\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ArmlWtDnuys\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ArmlWtDnuys<\/a><br>Tsitraadits\u00fckkel\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=82CplqKfw90\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=82CplqKfw90<\/a><br>Krebsi ts\u00fckkel (tsitraadits\u00fckkel)\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=juM2ROSLWfw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=juM2ROSLWfw<\/a><br>Elektroni transportahel\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mfgCcFXUZRk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mfgCcFXUZRk<\/a><br>Fosfor\u00fc\u00fclimine ja elektroni transpordiahel\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=J30zpvbmw7s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=J30zpvbmw7s<\/a><br>K\u00e4\u00e4rimine\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lfeXuK8pbFw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lfeXuK8pbFw<\/a><br>Etanoolk\u00e4\u00e4rimine\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=D6mRPgvAEOc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=D6mRPgvAEOc<\/a>\n\t<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t<strong>Videote subtiitrite t\u00f5lkimiseks eesti keelde<\/strong><br>1. Vajuta seadete hammasrattale<br>2. Vali seadetest \u201cSubtiitrid\u201d (subtitles)<br>3. Vali men\u00fc\u00fcst \u201cAutomaatne t\u00f5lkimine\u201d<br>4. Vali keeleks \u201cEstonian\u201d\n\t<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\t\u00a0\n<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h4>\n\t\t<strong>Oluline info, mida meelde j\u00e4tta<\/strong><br>\n\t<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\n\t\t\t<strong>Rakuhingamine<\/strong> on organismide jaoks oluline protsess, kuna see tagab rakutasandil energia tootmise. See on aeroobne ainevahetusprotsess, milles rakud kasutavad orgaanilisi \u00fchendeid (peamiselt gl\u00fckoosi) ja hapnikku, et toota ATP-d (adenosiintrifosfaat), mis on raku p\u00f5hiline energiakandja. Rakuhingamine on \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt oluline mitmel p\u00f5hjusel:\n\t\t<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Energia tootmine.<\/strong>\u00a0Rakud vajavad energiat, et toetada eluks vajalikke protsesse, nagu valkude s\u00fcntees, raku jagunemine, liikumine ja signaalide edastamine, et t\u00e4ita oma elulisi funktsioone ja organismi \u00fclesandeid.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Toitainete kasutamine.<\/strong>\u00a0Rakuhingamine on peamine viis, kuidas organismid kasutavad \u00e4ra toitained, mida nad on saanud fotos\u00fcnteesi kaudu (taimedelt) v\u00f5i toidu s\u00f6\u00f6misel (loomsed allikad). Gl\u00fckoos ja teised orgaanilised \u00fchendid lagundatakse raku mitokondrites, et saada ATP-d ja vabastada s\u00fcsinikdioksiidi ja vett.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Hapniku olulisus.<\/strong>\u00a0Rakuhingamine s\u00f5ltub olulisel m\u00e4\u00e4ral hapniku olemasolust. Hapnik toimib l\u00f5pliku elektronidoonorina rakuhingamise ahelas, mis aitab ATP-d efektiivsemalt toota. Ilma piisava hapniku k\u00e4ttesaadavuseta l\u00e4heb rakuhingamine \u00fcle anaeroobseks ainevahetuseks, mis v\u00f5ib viia piimhappe kuhjumiseni ja v\u00e4hendada energia tootmist.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Kohanemisv\u00f5ime.<\/strong>\u00a0Rakuhingamine on \u00e4\u00e4rmiselt paindlik protsess ja v\u00f5imaldab organismidel kohaneda erinevate tingimustega. Kui energiavajadus on k\u00f5rge, saavad rakud rohkem gl\u00fckoosi lagundada, et toota rohkem ATP-d. Kui hapnikku on piiratud koguses, saavad rakud kasutada muid energia tootmise viise, n\u00e4iteks piimhappe k\u00e4\u00e4rimine.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t<strong>Organismi elutegevuse toetamine.<\/strong>\u00a0Kuna rakuhingamine tagab rakkudele vajaliku energia, on see otseselt seotud kogu organismi elutegevusega. Iga elund ja kudede s\u00fcsteem s\u00f5ltub energia saamisel raku tasandil toimuvast rakuhingamisest.\n\t\t\t<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div id=\"gtx-trans\" style=\"position: absolute;left: 0px;top: 1536.61px\">\n<div class=\"gtx-trans-icon\">\n\t\t\u00a0\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hingamisel on kolm etappi: sisse- ja v\u00e4ljahingamine; gaaside (O2\u00a0ja CO2) transport veres; rakuhingamine rakkude mitokondrites. Kaks esimest etappi tagavad selle, et hapnik j\u00f5uaks v\u00e4lis\u00f5hust rakkude mitokondritesse, kus toimub kolmas etapp,\u00a0rakuhingamine, mille k\u00e4igus salvestatkse ATP energia. Rakuhingamine on keerukas kolmeastmeline protsess, &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":319,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-30","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/319"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":477,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30\/revisions\/477"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/biogymnaasium\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}