{"id":40,"date":"2024-04-04T04:36:11","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T01:36:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/andmehaldus\/avatud-teadusandmed\/"},"modified":"2024-10-17T15:06:53","modified_gmt":"2024-10-17T12:06:53","slug":"avatud-teadusandmed","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/andmehaldus\/avatud-teadusandmed\/","title":{"rendered":"Avatud teadusandmed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">S\u00f5na andmed, <em>data<\/em> (ainsus <em>datum<\/em>) p\u00e4rineb ladina keelest: w<em>ord origin of \u2019data\u2019: from Latin, literally: (things) given, from\u00a0dare\u00a0to give<\/em>\u00a0(Collins English Dictionary).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Seega juba oma olemuselt on andmed midagi, mis kirjeldavad objektiivselt olemasolevat.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Andmed on toormaterjal, mille p\u00f5hjal on v\u00f5imalik maailma struktureerida, kategoriseerida ja m\u00f5\u00f5ta. Andmetele annab v\u00e4\u00e4rtuse nende kasutamine.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><\/p><div class=\"ratio ratio-16x9 mb-3\"><div class=\"video-placeholder-wrapper video-placeholder-wrapper--16x9\">\n\t\t\t    <div class=\"video-placeholder d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t        <div class=\"overlay text-white p-2 w-100 text-center d-block justify-content-center align-items-center\">\n\t\t\t            <div>Kolmandate osapoolte sisu n\u00e4gemiseks palun n\u00f5ustu k\u00fcpsistega.<\/div>\n\t\t\t            <button class=\"btn btn-secondary btn-sm mt-1 consent-change\">Muuda n\u00f5usolekut<\/button>\n\t\t\t        <\/div>\n\t\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<\/p><blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Teadusandmed on teadust\u00f6\u00f6 tarbeks omandatud v\u00f5i kogutud andmed.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">Suurbritannias v\u00e4lja antud\u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ukri.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/UKRI-020920-ConcordatonOpenResearchData.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/www.ukri.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/UKRI-020920-ConcordatonOpenResearchData.pdf\">Concordat on Open Research Data<\/a> defineerib teadusandmed j\u00e4rgnevalt:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><strong>Research data<\/strong> are the evidence that underpins the answer to the research question, and can be used to validate findings regardless of its form (e.g. print, digital, or physical). These might be quantitative information or qualitative statements collected by researchers in the course of their work by experimentation, observation, modelling, interview or other methods, or information derived from existing evidence. Data may be raw or primary (e.g. direct from measurement or collection) or derived from primary data for subsequent analysis or interpretation (e.g. cleaned up or as an extract from a larger data set), or derived from existing sources where the rights may be held by others. Data may be defined as \u2018relational\u2019 or \u2018functional\u2019 components of research, thus signalling that their identification and value lies in whether and how researchers use them as evidence for claims. They may include, for example, statistics, collections of digital images, sound recordings, transcripts of interviews, survey data and fieldwork observations with appropriate annotations, an interpretation, an artwork, archives, found objects, published texts or a manuscript.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Teaduse avaandmed<\/strong>, avatud teadusandmed\u00a0(<em>open research data<\/em>) on teadusandmed, mis tehakse avatud juurdep\u00e4\u00e4suga k\u00e4ttesaadavaks, teistele jagamiseks ja kasutamiseks, viidates seejuures algsetele andmetele.\u00a0Seega peamine tunnus, mis lubab \u00f6elda, et teadusandmed on avatud, on nende andmete <strong>k\u00e4ttesaadavus<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Avaliku sektori avaandmed<\/strong> (<em>public data, government data<\/em>) on avaliku sektori loodud andmekogudes sisalduvad andmed, millele ei ole kehtestatud juurdep\u00e4\u00e4supiirangut. Need on aluseks avalikele teenustele ja otsustustele. Kui avaliku sektori andmeid kasutatakse teadusuuringus, on need \u00fchtlasi ka teadusandmed. Eesti avaliku sektori andmeid koondab <a href=\"https:\/\/avaandmed.eesti.ee\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eesti avaandmete teabev\u00e4rav<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Andmeid liigitatakse mitmetel alustel, n\u00e4iteks:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Kvantitatiivsed ja kvalitatiivsed andmed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\"><strong>Kvantitatiivsed<\/strong> andmed on need, mida saab v\u00e4ljendada arvudes: m\u00f5\u00f5ta v\u00f5i kaaluda, kasutada suhteskaalat (1-100), ei\/jah otsuseid\u00a0jne.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\"><strong>Kvalitatiivsed<\/strong> andmed ei ole otsekohe\u00a0arvudega v\u00e4ljendatavad, n\u00e4iteks tekst, pilt, video. K\u00fcll aga saab kvalitatiivseid andmeid anal\u00fc\u00fcsides need konverteerida arvandmeteks.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\">N\u00e4ide: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mindthemeaning.com\/kuukiri-est\/suudlevate-tudengite-moistatus-est\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Suudlevate tudengite m\u00f5istatus<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Struktureeritud ja struktureerimata andmed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\"><strong>Struktureeritud<\/strong> andmed on organiseeritud andmed, kus igale tunnusele vastab v\u00e4\u00e4rtus ja tunnus-v\u00e4\u00e4rtus paarid moodustavad andmebaasi. Selliseid andmeid on arvuti abil v\u00f5imalik t\u00f6\u00f6delda ja otsida, kasutades algoritme ning\u00a0p\u00e4ringukeeli. \u00dches\u00f5naga, tegemist on <strong>masinloetavate andmetega<\/strong>. Andmet\u00f6\u00f6tluse tulemust saab visualiseerida, luua mudeleid ja simulatsioone.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\">Struktureeritud andmetega on seotud m\u00f5iste <strong>linkandmed<\/strong> (<em>linked data<\/em>). Andmed on struktureeritud nii, et neid saab standardi alusel omavahel linkida ning need moodustavad semantilise veebi. Avatud linkandmete n\u00e4iteks on <a href=\"http:\/\/dbpedia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DBPedia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\"><strong>Struktureerimata<\/strong> andmetel ei ole kindlat mudelit v\u00f5i struktuuri, seega on neid raske arvutiga t\u00f6\u00f6delda.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Primaarsed ja sekundaarsed andmed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\"><strong>Primaarsed<\/strong> andmed on need, mida teadlane ise on kogunud. Kui neid ei ole veel t\u00f6\u00f6deldud ega anal\u00fc\u00fcsitud, on tegemist <strong>toorandmetega<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\"><strong>Sekundaarsed<\/strong> andmed on teadlase enda v\u00f5i kellegi teise poolt varem kogutud andmed. Tegemist on andmete taaskasutusega.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Metaandmed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\"><strong>Metaandmed<\/strong> on andmed andmete kohta, mis\u00a0peaksid olema avatud ka juhul, kui andmed ise ei ole k\u00f5igile k\u00e4ttesaadavad.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Suurandmed ja <em>long tail<\/em>\u00a0andmed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\"><strong>Suurandmeid<\/strong> iseloomustavad suur andmemaht, pidev ja suur andmete t\u00f6\u00f6tlemise kiirus ning v\u00e4ga erinevad andmet\u00fc\u00fcbid (<em>3V: Volume, Velocity, Variety<\/em>). Suurandmed on struktureeritud andmed, mida saab automatiseeritult t\u00f6\u00f6delda.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\">Suurandmeteks on n\u00e4iteks asjade interneti (<em>Internet of Things, IoT<\/em>) andmed ehk andmed nutikatelt tarbijaseadmetelt, mis pidevalt tegelevad andmesalvestuse ning\u00a0andmete jagamisega.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\">Suurandmed v\u00f5ivad olla avaandmed, kuid peamine iseloomustav tunnus on <strong>andmemaht.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 80px;\">Teisalt\u00a0suurem osa t\u00e4nap\u00e4eva teadusest tegeleb siiski v\u00e4iksemamahuliste andmetega, mida nimetatakse <strong><em>long tail data<\/em><\/strong>, sest graafikul, kus \u00fcheks teljeks on andmemaht ning\u00a0teiseks vastavate andmehulkade arv, moodustab tavap\u00e4rane teadus just selle pika saba. Seal on andmemahud v\u00e4ikesed, korraga kogutakse ja t\u00f6\u00f6deldakse kindlaid andmet\u00fc\u00fcpe.\u00a0Andmete kogumise ja t\u00f6\u00f6tlemise meetodid on traditsioonilised ning v\u00f5ivad olla lausa r\u00e4tsepat\u00f6\u00f6 mingi kindla probleemi uurimiseks.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Culina, A., M. Baglioni, T.W. Crowther, M.E. Visser, S. Woutersen-Windhouwer, and P.\u00a0Manghi. 2018. <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-017-0458-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41559-017-0458-2\">Navigating the unfolding open data landscape in ecology and evolution<\/a>.\u00a0Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution 2: 420-426<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;\"><em>\u201cLong tail of science.<\/em><em>\u00a0Dispersed scientific research that is conducted by many individual researchers\/teams, and is often of a limited spatial and temporal scale. Data produced in the long tail tend to be small in volume, and less standardized within the same field of study. The majority of scientific funding is spent on this type of research\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify; margin-left: 40px;\">\n<\/p><p><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1015\" height=\"620\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-112\" style=\"margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;\" title=\"long_tail.png\" src=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/301\/long_tail.png\" alt=\"long_tail.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/301\/long_tail.png 1015w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/301\/long_tail-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/301\/long_tail-768x469.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1015px) 100vw, 1015px\"><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ferguson, A. R., Nielson, J. L., Cragin, M. H., Bandrowski, A. E. &amp; Martone, M. E. <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3838\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-url=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.3838\">Big data from small data: data-sharing in the \u2018long tail\u2019 of neuroscience<\/a>. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1442\u20131447 (2014)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S\u00f5na andmed, data (ainsus datum) p\u00e4rineb ladina keelest: word origin of \u2019data\u2019: from Latin, literally: (things) given, from\u00a0dare\u00a0to give\u00a0(Collins English Dictionary). Seega juba oma olemuselt on andmed midagi, mis kirjeldavad objektiivselt olemasolevat. Andmed on toormaterjal, mille p\u00f5hjal on v\u00f5imalik maailma &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":78,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-40","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/andmehaldus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/andmehaldus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/andmehaldus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/andmehaldus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/78"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/andmehaldus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/andmehaldus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":554,"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/andmehaldus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/40\/revisions\/554"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sisu.ut.ee\/andmehaldus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}